- < General Internal Medicine
Global Burden of Elevated LDL-C: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
By afschroeder • July 30, 2026
GBD 2023 LDL Cholesterol Collaborators; Razo C, DeCleene NK, Johnson CO, Stark BA, LeGrand K, Aalruz H, Abaraogu UO, Abd ElHafeez S, Abdelmasseh M, Abdelnabi M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdelsalam Elshenawy R, Abdelwahab SI, Abdolizadeh A, Abdollahi A, Abdoun M, Abdrabou MM, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abdul-Rahman T, Abebe MS, Abebe Getahun H, Abiodun OO, Abiodun O, Abohashem S, Abonie US, Abourashed NM, Abramov D, Abrar MM, Abtahi D, Abu Farha RK, Abubakar B, Abuhelwa AY, Abukhadijah HJ, Aburuz S, Abushanab D, Adams LC, Adamu NLL, Adane MM, Addo IY, Adedokun KA, Adegbile OE, Adegoke NA, Adekola SA, Adeleke OT, Adesina MA, Adisu MA, Adnan M, Afoakwah C, Afolabi AA, Afrashteh F, Afrifa-Yamoah E, Afzal S, Agordoh PD, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahmad A, Ahmad K, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ahmed A, Ahmed GS, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MS, Ahmed MS, Ahmed MSA, Ahmed M, Ahmed N, Ahmed SA, Ahmed Z, Aiyer A, Ajami M, Akalanka KHM, Akhtar MN, Akindele MO, Akkaif MA, Akrami AE, Akyea RK, Al Hasan SM, Al Zoubi MAM, Alahdab F, Al-Ahmad MM, Alajajian S, Alajlani MM, Alalwan TA, Al-Aly Z, Al-Amri IS, Alanzi TM, Alarifi A, Al-Ashwal FY, Al-Azayzih A, Al-Azzam S, Al-Bashaireh AM, Albashtawy M, Al-Dewik N, Aleidi SM, Algahtani FD, Algammal AM, Alhabib KF, Alhalaiqa FN, Ali A, Ali A, Ali BR, Ali MD, Ali MU, Ali R, Ali SS, Al-Iede M, Alif SM, Alipour M, Al-Jabi SW, Aljunid SM, Alkhatib MH, Alkubati SA, Allawi RH, Allemailem KS, Allouh MZ, Almagharbeh WT, Almahmeed W, Al-Marwani S, Almazan JU, Alnaeem MM, Alniss HY, Alomari MA, Alotaibi HFF, Alqahtani SA, AlQudah M, Alqudimat MR, Al-Qudimat AR, Al-Raddadi RM, Alrimawi I, Alrousan SM, Alsbou M, Alshahrani NZ, Al-Shami AS, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Althobiani MA, Altwalbeh D, Alwafi H, Al-Worafi YM, Aly H, Al-Zalabani AH, Alzoubi A, Alzoubi KH, Al-Zubairi AS, Amafah J, Mohammadi MA, Amin A, Amini S, Amini-Salehi E, Amusa GA, Ananda RA, Ancuceanu R, Ang SP, Anieto EM, Anil A, Anjana P, Anuoluwa BS, Anvari S, Anwar SL, Anyasodor AE, Appati W, Arabloo J, Arafa EA, Arafat M, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Arefnezhad R, Aregawi BB, Arias de la Torre J, Aripov T, Arockiaraj J, de Arruda GA, Asdaq SMB, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf S, Ashraf SA, Ashraf T, Asiamah-Asare BKY, Atac O, Athar M, Athari SS, Atorkey P, Aurangzeb K, Awan SJ, Awan UA, Awol KLL, Awotidebe AW, Ayala CO, Ayli BI, Azad AKM, Azarboo A, Aziz SA, Azzam AY, Azzolino D, Babiker R, Babu AS, Babu GR, Badar M, Badiye AD, Badran AA, Baghlaf KK, Baig AA, Bakhshali MA, Balabekova M, Balakrishnan S, Baltatu OC, Banach M, Banik PC, Barqawi HJ, Barrow A, Barua L, Bashir MI, Bashir S, Bashiri A, Bastan MM, Bayat M, Bayih MT, Beeraka NM, Begum T, Behera P, Behera SM, Behnam B, Bejarano Ramirez DF, Belayneh M, Bello AB, Belo L, Berihun AA, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharjee P, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS, Biswas A, Biswas B, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Bodur M, Bogale SK, Bohn L, Boloor A, Bolourinejad P, Bonny A, Botero Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boudalia S, Britton G, Bugiardini R, Busch F, Bustanji Y, Butt ZA, Campos LA, Cao Y, Catapano AL, Cegolon L, Cembranel F, Cenko E, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chandika RM, Chandrasekar EK, Chandrasekaran B, Chattu VK, Chau LD, Chaudhary AA, Chaudhuri S, Cheema AAA, Chen AT, Chen H, Chen H, Cheng H, Cheung KC, Chew NWS, Chi G, Chichagi F, Ching PR, Cho WCS, Choi DW, Chong B, Chopra D, Chopra H, Chopra S, Choudhari SG, Chu DT, Chukwu CW, Chung SC, Chung S, Cicero AFG, Cosma C, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Dadras O, Dahabiyeh L, Dahal Khatri B, Dai X, Dai Z, Dalakoti M, D'Amico E, Damtie ET, Dandona L, Dandona R, D'Anna L, Danpanichkul P, Darcho SD, Dardas LA, Das SK, Davletov D, Davletov K, Dejenie TA, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dergaa I, Derseh HA, Derviševic E, Desale AT, Devanbu VGC, Devegowda D, Dewan SMR, Dhali A, Dhimal M, Dhungel B, Dias da Silva D, Didehvar K, Ding X, Do TC, Do THP, Dohare S, Dong D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Doshi OP, Doshi RP, Dourado PMM, Dowou RK, Dresse MT, Du M, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Ebohon O, Ebraheim LLM, Edeh C, Eftekhari B, Sedeh AE, Ekholuenetale M, El Arab RA, Eladl MA, Eldaboush A, El-Dahiyat F, Elgendy IY, Elhadi M, Elhoumed M, El-Huneidi W, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Elmoselhi AB, Elnaem MH, Eltahawy AS, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fadaka AO, Fagbamigbe AF, Fakhradiyev IR, Fakorede S, Farasani A, Fareed M, Farhana A, Faris MEM, Farsi F, Fatima Z, Fayaz M, Fazylov T, Fekadu G, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Ferreira N, Fischer F, Fogacci F, Fonzo M, Foschi M, Gadanya MA, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Ganesan B, Ganesh B, Gangachannaiah S, Gao D, Garcia-Azorin D, Garg P, Gasevic D, Gautam RK, Gaye B, Gebresilassie MH, Getacher L, Gete KY, Ghadirian F, Ghaffari K, Ghaffari Jolfayi A, Ghamkhar A, Gharaibeh L, Ghasemi M, Ghazy RM, Ghimire S, Ghith N, Gil AU, Gilani SA, Gill PS, Gnedovskaya EV, Goh LH, Gohari K, Gohil MN, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golmohammadi M, Goulart AC, Goyal A, Grada A, Grover A, Gu L, Gubari MIM, Gufue ZH, Guha A, Gunawardane DA, Guo Z, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gurgoglione FL, Guzman-Esquivel J, Guzmán-Muñoz E, Haghtalab A, Nam NH, Hailu KT, Halder P, Hamdy NM, Hamidi H, Hamidi S, Hammad EA, Hamoudi R, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Hankey GJ, Harsini S, Hartmann P, Hasan I, Hashempur MH, Hasnain MS, Hassan A, Hassan IN, Hassan I, Hassan N, Hassan TS, Hassan Ahmed O, Hayat K, Hebert JJ, Helmy YA, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Hoseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hotwani P, Htay MNN, Hu Y, Huang J, Huang YS, Hushmandi K, Hussein D, Hussein MA, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ibrahim IA, Ibrahim KS, Ibrayeva A, Ikiroma A, Ikram J, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Imam MT, Imani M, Imodoye SO, Imoh LC, Inbaraj LR, Ionescu AI, Ionescu RT, Iqhrammullah M, Irham LM, Ishaqui AA, Islek D, Ismail NE, Ismoldayev Y, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iyer M, Izquierdo-Condoy JSS, Jacob J, Jafari-Khounigh A, Jahanshahi A, Jahrami H, Jakovljevic M, Jamal A, Jamali N, Jamaluddin J, James J, Jamshidi M, Jansen R, Jarrahi E, Javaid SS, Jawaid T, Jayasinghe YA, Jebasingh FK, Jemal M, Jeong S, Jeswani BM, Ji Z, Jibat NT, Jin W, Jokar M, Joo T, Joseph AP, Joseph MA, Joseph N, Raj JVSJM, Joshi K, Joshua CE, Jung SH, Jürisson M, K V, Kadir DHH, Kahe F, Kakkar AK, Kalani R, Kalavani K, Kalra S, Kamenova S, Kamorudeen RT, Kamyshnyi O, Kanaan SF, Kanmodi KK, Kansal S, Kantar RS, Kapoor N, Kar D, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Karasneh RA, Karimi A, Karimi Behnagh A, Karun S, Kashoo FZ, Kashyap MK, Kausar MA, Kazemian S, Kebede YT, Kesse-Guyot E, Khademi R, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khaleel A, Khalid N, Khalid S, Khalil AA, Khalili A, Khalili P, Khan A, Khan M, Khan MAS, Khan MI, Khan MAB, Khan MH, Khan S, Khan S, Khan YS, Khasbage SU, Khatatbeh MM, Kheirallah KA, Khoshvaght S, Khosla P, Khosravi S, Kim HJ, Kim K, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kishore L, Kivimäki M, Kokkorakis M, Kolahi AA, Kompani F, Kondybayeva A, Korzh O, Kostev K, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Krishan K, Kua CH, Kuddus M, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar C, Kumar D, Kumar GA, Kumar J, Kumar L, Kumar N, Kumar SK, Kundu A, Kundu S, Kunutsor SK, Kurniasari MD, Kurpad KP, Kusuma D, Kytö V, Lahariya C, Lai DTC, Lai H, Lajunen T, Lakanova B, Lallukka T, Lantos T, Larebo YM, Larsson AO, Lasrado S, Le DT, Le TTT, Le T, Le TTB, Ledda C, Lee H, Lee H, Lee SW, Lee SV, Lee SW, Lee WC, Leivaditis V, Lema GK, Lemma DA, Lenjisa J, Lewis MS, Li C, Li MC, Li Q, Li S, Li X, Li Y, Lim LL, Lindholm D, Liu H, Liu X, Liu X, Liu Y, Livingstone KM, Llanaj E, Lodhi MS, Lokunarangoda NC, López-Gil JF, Lorkowski S, Lucchetti G, Lui PPY, Luo P, Lv L, Lytvyak E, M Amin HI, Ma KS, Mabrok M, Machoy-Rakoczy M, Madinehzad SA, Maffia P, Magaña Gómez JA, Mahalleh M, Mahmood NH, Malik AA, Malik MZ, Malik T, Malta DC, Mamand DR, Maniya MT, Mannethodi K, Mansoor F, Mansourian M, Manzoor S, Maqsood K, Marateb HR, Marghani BH, Marino M, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini D, Martini S, Martorell M, März W, Marzouk S, Masi S, Masrouri S, Mathur N, Matozinhos FP, Mattiello R, Maude RJ, Mavrovounis G, McPhail SM, Mehto S, Meles HN, Mendoza W, Menezes GA, Menezes RG, Mengistie EA, Menon TP, Mensah GA, Merlino G, Mestrovic T, Mettananda CDK, Mettananda S, Metwally MMM, Miao Jonasson J, Mikrajab MAN, Minhas AMK, Mirrakhimov EM, Mitra S, Mitra T, Mittal M, Modi D, Mohamed MG, Mohamed NS, Mohamed Ahmed KAH, Mohammad AM, Mohammad T, Mohammadi A, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed O, Mohan S, Mohsen Y, Molla TS, Molokhia M, Monazzami A, Moni MA, Montazeri Namin S, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Morovvati M, Mosaddeghi Heris R, Motappa R, Mousavi SA, Mousavi Kiasary SMS, Mozafar M, Mozahheb Yousefi K, Mubarik S, Muhammad JS, Munkhsaikhan Y, Munshi A, Musa S, Muthu S, Mwita JC, Myung W, Nabipoorashrafi S, Nagarajan AJ, Naik GR, Naik H, Nainu F, Nargus S, Nartey Y, Nasrollahizadeh A, Nassar M, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Naureen Z, Navaratna SNK, Nawaiseh HK, Nayak BP, Nayak VC, Nazari M, Ndakotsu AK, Nega AT, Nega MH, Negash AA, Negoi I, Nejad Shahrokh Abadi R, Nematollahi MH, Nguyen CD, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen NP, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Niazi RK, Nieddu L, Nketia R, Nomura S, Noreen M, Nawsherwan, Noubiap JJ, Nri-Ezedi CA, Ntsekhe M, Nugen F, Nur A, Oancea B, Odat RM, Oddi FM, Odediji SA, Ogunmodede OS, Oh IH, Ojedoyin OO, Ojo OA, Okati-Aliabad H, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Oliveira GMM, Olorukooba AA, Ong QC, Ordak M, Orru H, Orscelik A, Ortiz A, Ortiz-Prado E, Osborne A, Osei GN, Ostrominski JW, Osuagwu UL, Oumer A, Ouyahia A, Owolabi MO, Oyebola K, Ozsahin I, Padukudru Anand M, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Palicz T, Panda SK, Pandi-Perumal SR, Panos GD, Papa MV, Papadimopoulos I, Pardhan S, Parija PP, Parikh RR, Pascucci E, Pasovic M, Passera R, Patel KN, Patel M, Patel NN, Patel NR, Patel S, Patil A, Patil S, Patoulias D, Pattnaik S, Pazoki Toroudi H, Pekarcikova J, Peprah P, Pereira G, Perico N, Perna S, Petermann-Rocha F, Pirera E, Pirnejad H, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Poluru R, Porntaveetus T, Pradhan PMS, Prasad M, Prashant A, Prates EJS, Pugliese NR, Puvvula J, Qi X, Qiu JY, Qureshi A, Radhakrishnan V, Raghav P, Raghav YSR, Raghuveer P, Rahamon SK, Rahim F, Rahim HM, Rahimi S, Rahman FM, Rahman MM, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Raj JP, Raja A, Rajendran J, Rajput P, Ramadan MM, Ramasamy C, Ramasamy SK, Rao AG, Rao M, Rao SJ, Rashedi V, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rath S, Rathi I, Rathish D, Rauniyar SK, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Ray A, Reddy MMRK, Redwan EM, Rehman NU, Remuzzi G, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Romadlon DS, Romoli M, Rony MKK, Ross AGP, Roy S, Roy S, Rubeshkumar P, Russo M, Rwegerera GM, Saad AMA, Saber-Ayad MM, Sabet CJ, Sadarangani KP, Sadat Rafiei SK, Saddique MN, Sadee BA, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi M, Sadek B, Sadek M, Sadr H, Saeb MR, Saeed M, Saeed U, Saeedi M, Safiullah M, Saghazadeh A, Sagoe D, Sah AK, Sharif-Askari FS, Sahebkar A, Sajadi SM, Sajid MR, Saki M, Sakshaug JW, Salami AA, Saleem RSZ, Saleh MA, Salehi M, Salihu AT, Salimi S, Samargandy S, Samodra YL, Samy AM, Saravanan A, Sarfo JO, Sarmadi M, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Sarrafzadegan N, Sassano M, Sathian B, Sathya Narayanan MK, Savabi Far M, Schlaich MP, Schuermans A, Schwarz G, Sejben A, Selvaraj S, Semreen MH, Senol YC, Serban D, Sessa F, Sethi Y, Setiawan CH, Sewor C, Seylani A, Shahid S, Shahini E, Shahrahmani F, Shahwan MJ, Sham S, Shamim MA, Shamsi A, Shan D, Shanawaz M, Shannawaz M, Sharif N, Sharifan A, Sharma BK, Sharma B, Sharma K, Sharma M, Sharma RK, Sharma U, Sharma V, Shastry S, Shehzadi S, Sheidaei A, Shenoy RR, Shetty M, Shetty PH, Shi F, Shi HZ, Shi Y, Shimels T, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shiue I, Shoaib A, Shool S, Shorofi SA, Shrestha S, Shuval K, Sia CH, Siddig EE, Siddiqi AK, Siddiqua A, Silva DAS, Silva LMLR, Simkhada PP, Singh A, Singh B, Singh H, Singh H, Singh JA, Singh L, Singh P, Singh PS, Singh P, Singh S, Singh SK, Singh S, Singh V, Sinha MK, Sinha R, Skryabin VY, Sokhal BS, Sood P, Soraneh S, Sorensen RJD, Sorrentino M, Spartalis M, Srivastav P, Stachteas P, Stanikzai MH, Starodubova AV, Straube S, Stubbs P, Su CY, Subramaniyan V, Suhag A, Sulaieva O, Sulaiman SK, Suleiman Odidi M, Sulistiyorini D, Sun J, Sun Z, Swain CK, Szarpak L, Ty SS, Tabaee Damavandi P, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tabatabai S, Tabche C, Tadele A, Tagiisuran B, Taha Osman Ali E, Taheri Soodejani M, Taiba J, Tajabadi S, Talic S, Talukder A, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Tamiru Adugna D, Tampa M, Tan J, Tanabayeva D, Tanashat M, Tang J, Tantisattamo E, Tariku MK, Tariq S, Tavangar SM, Tedla MG, Temsah R, Teramoto M, Tesfamariam WB, Tesfu AA, Tewari J, Thakar V, Thangavelu L, Tharwat I, Tharwat S, Thienemann F, Thiruvengadam M, Thomas NK, Ticoalu JHV, Tiruye TY, Tiwari K, Tleshev M, Tomo S, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran AT, Tran TH, Tran Minh Duc N, Trico D, Tristan CD, Tse G, Tseriotis VS, Tualeka AR, Tye SC, Udoakang AJ, Ullah A, Ullah R, Ullah S, Umair M, Umar L, Upadhya D, Upadhyay E, Usman JS, Uzun Ozsahin D, Uzunçibuk H, Vaithinathan AG, Vakili O, Van den Eynde J, Varghese J, Vasankari TJ, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Verma AK, Verma P, Villalobos-Daniel VE, Vlassov V, Wan JY, Wang C, Wang N, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang S, Wang W, Wang W, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wani TAA, Waqar AB, Wei MY, Weintraub RG, Wibowo YC, Wicaksana AL, Wickramasinghe DP, Wickramasinghe ND, Wilandika A, Witts WK, Wonde TE, Wongsin U, Wu P, Xiao G, Xie W, Xu S, Xu S, Xu W, Xu X, Yadav V, Yadegar A, Yahoo S, Yamagishi K, Yang H, Yano Y, Yao H, Yarahmadi A, Yaribeygi H, Yesuf SA, Yin D, Yismaw YE, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yu EA, Yu H, Yu Y, Yuan Q, Yuzbashian E, Zafar M, Zaghampour M, Zamagni G, Zamora N, Zanghì A, Zargar S, Zawiah M, Zeariya MGM, Zeru EM, Zhang B, Zhang CJP, Zhang H, Zhang JMF, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhanuzakov M, Zhao Z, Zheng MH, Zhong A, Zhong CC, Zhou H, Zhou J, Zhou XD, Zhu Z, Zhumagaliuly A, Zitoun OA, Zoghi G, Zoromba MA, Zumla A, Zyoud AH, Zyoud SH, Zyoud SH, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, Murray CJL, Roth GA. Global Burden of Elevated LDL-C: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. JAMA. 2026 Jul 29. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.8628. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42525403.
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